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The process of breaking disulfide bonds within the keratin structure of hair and converting them into lanthionine bonds is known as lanthionization. This transformation typically occurs during the application of a chemical relaxer that contains sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide.

When disulfide bonds, which are strong covalent bonds that help maintain the hair's structure and shape, are broken down, the resulting lanthionine bonds are much weaker. This alteration allows for the hair to be straightened or relaxed. The term "lanthionization" specifically refers to this chemical process, which is essential in various chemical texture services, especially in hair relaxing treatments.

The other options represent different chemical processes: hydroxidation relates to the addition of hydroxide ions, saponification involves the reaction of fats with an alkali to produce soap, and oxidation denotes the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state, none of which define the specific process of altering disulfide bonds to lanthionine bonds. Thus, lanthionization is the precise terminology that captures the essence of this chemical transformation in hair texture services.